Domestic Violence Crime And Victims Act 2004 Social Work Essay

Abusive behavior at home Crime And Victims Act 2004 Social Work Essay The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 shuts a legitimate proviso, (whereby litigants in murder and homicide cases could get away from conviction by guaranteeing each other had executed the kid), by making another offense of causing or permitting the demise of a kid or defenseless grown-up. The offense builds up another criminal obligation regarding individuals from a family where they realize that a youngster or helpless grown-up is at critical danger of genuine harm.(NSPCC, 2010) This Act is about the attention on criminal equity upon lawful insurance and help to casualties of wrongdoing, especially abusive behavior at home. It extends to the arrangement for preliminaries without a jury, gets new standards for preliminaries for causing the passing of a kid or helpless grown-up, grants bailiffs to utilize power to enter homes.(Wikipedia, 2011) What are childrens need? The meaning of childrens needs isn't simple. Katz recommended that one of the most striking parts of the field of youth training is the sharp uniqueness of perspectives among laborers and customers concerning what small kids need just as how and when these requirements ought to be fulfilled (Katz 1977:69). Maslow (1954) distinguished three kinds of need: essential needs (air, food, rest); passionate requirements (love, security); and social needs (acknowledgment by ones companions). What Law says about childrens right? Childrens rights centers around the residential laws and strategies that influence youngster wellbeing and social government assistance, instruction and extraordinary needs, kid work and misuse, deal and dealing of kids, and adolescent equity. The childrens rights development advances lawful assurances and shields for kids, particular from those of grown-up. How to protect a kid? The arrangement so as to shield kids from being misuse is going on the additional mile to think about the childrens life after school hours so as to keep a connection between the family. It is basic that to comprehend the families foundation since we may not ready to comprehend them better through the kids. We need individuals to be all the more mindful. What is misuse? Misuse is an endeavor to control the conduct of someone else. It is an abuse of intensity which utilizes the obligation of closeness, trust and reliance to make casualty vulnerable.(novavita,nd) There are kinds of misuses:- physical sexual disregard mental/passionate Physical maltreatment is frequently the most effectively perceived type of misuse. Hitting, shaking, consuming, squeezing, gnawing, gagging, tossing, beating and different activities are arranged as physical maltreatment, it might likewise cause physical injury, leave checks or cause torments. Sexual maltreatment is a sexual demonstration or contact between a grown-up and anybody more youthful than 18 years of age; between an essentially more established youngster and a more youthful kid; or in the event that one individual overwhelms another, paying little mind to age. Mental or passionate can be the most hard to recognize on the grounds that there are generally no outward indications of the maltreatment. This maltreatment happens when hollering and outrage go excessively far or when guardians continually reprimand, undermine, or excuse children or teenagers until their confidence and sentiments of self-commendable is harmed. Psychological mistreatment can damage and cause harm similarly as physical maltreatment do. Disregard is hard to distinguish and characterize. Disregard happens when a youngster doesnt have the essential needs like food, cover, garments, clinical consideration or oversight. Passionate disregards happen when a parent doesnt offer enough enthusiastic help or purposely and reliably pays next to no or no regard for the kid. This doesnt imply that a parent doesnt give a child something the individual needs, similar to another PC or a mobile phone, yet more to fundamental needs like food , safe house and love. What enhancements has been done between the Childrens Act 1989 and Childrens Act 2004? After the shocking occurrence of Victoria Climbie, the Act was made with a specific objectives. It worked so that to give limits and help for neighborhood specialists as well as different qualifies for better direct authority mediation in light of a legitimate concern for kids. The Act additionally made changes to the law that relate to kids, outstandingly on cultivate homes,adoption organizations, keeping an eye on and the treatment of youngster related violations and wrongdoings against kids. Reasons of youngster misuse There are numerous elements that are possibly to begin kid misuse. Most generally are the past occasions of youngster abusers that they encountered while they were youthful and as they grow up, they feel that its fine to hit or beat a kid, at the end of the day which is showing them a thing or two. Another factor is that guardians or kid abuser can't withstand childrens annoyance particularly when guardians are experiencing pressure or different perspectives that they are not in reason state to make misuse occur. The reasons for youngster misuse are a lot to be limited to a solitary reason. More often than not, there are different variables are in play. For instance, a dad is a heavy drinker and some piece of the family framework is up to speed in a pattern of misuse that traverses age of the family. Presently we can say that the alcoholic might be a contributing component to the brokenness, yet there is likewise the generational factor to consider. In this way, dissecting the reason for kid misuse , its simpler to break it into sub classifications which put kids in danger of being misuse and disregard. These incorporates the social-financial reasons for kid misuse, family condition, parental profile and kid related attributes. The term reasons for kid misuse is in actuality about the conditions which may make kid misuse almost certain. There are 4 significant reasons for youngster misuse: Social financial matters Family salary level Varying social worth Systematized indications of misuse Family Environment Abusive behavior at home Single Parents Youngster raising practices Parental Profile Age of the Parents Low self-assurance Previous history of misuse Medication and liquor issues Emotional wellness issues Low commonness of social ties Refusal to accept their method of child rearing isn't right The parent is intellectually impeded such that doesnt empower the person in question to give appropriate consideration to their youngsters Having unreasonable desires for their youngsters and little information on the formative stages kids experience. Kid related Characteristics Age of the kid The kid has physical or mental impairments Childs sexual orientation The was undesirable and additionally helps the parent to remember a missing accomplice or companion Childs character is certifiably not a solid match with the guardians characters Diminished positive collaboration between a parent and youngster because of division from a parent during basic improvement periods. Effect of each various sorts of misuse Physical kid misuse impacts change from kid to youngster contingent upon six variables: seriousness of the physical maltreatment How hard a kid is struck is just a single part of seriousness. The execute the youngster is hit with is additionally a factor. This doesn't imply that utilizing an open hand or clench hand will bring about less or lesser impacts; the damage done to the youngster is estimated both by physical injury and passionate injury recurrence of the physical maltreatment A solitary episode of physical maltreatment can bring about extreme injury, yet by and large, the more frequently the physical maltreatment happens the more prominent the effect on the youngster. age of the kid when physical maltreatment started The more youthful the kid was at the on set of physical maltreatment, the more prominent the engraving, and in this way, the more prominent the effect. This especially obvious when the maltreatment proceeds all through the childs life. childs relationship to the abuser At the point when a kid has an exceptionally cozy relationship with his/her abuser, the sentiment of selling out are that a lot more prominent; the very individual who should secure is rather harming that kid. accessibility of help people At the point when a youngster has nobody to go to, expanded emotions to surrender happen, which in goes adds to the physical kid misuse impacts. childs capacity to adapt A youngster will figure out how to adapt to the maltreatment. The techniques a youngster uses can add with the impacts. Adapting abilities can be: Physical passionate internal outward Psychological mistreatment impacts are legitimately associated with the connection between the person in question and abuser. The closer the relationship, the all the more wrecking the consequences for the youngster or youth. As the power, recurrence and term of misuse increments, so does the impact on the mind of that youngster or youth. The negative messages of enthusiastic youngster misuse causes internal harm that either crushes or debilitates the advancement of a positive feeling of self. Passionate youngster misuse is by definition consistent negative messages, however even a solitary message of dismissal can have enduring negative consequences for the kid or youth. Physical Effects Discourse issues slacks in physical turn of events inability to flourish facial spasm dietary problems self mischief medicate misuse endeavor self destruction Conduct Effects low self-esteem crabbiness excessively responsive rest issue powerlessness to confide in others discouragement unseemly conduct for age withdrawal significant misery taking lying prostitution taking part in hazardous practices Passionate Effects failure to control feelings addressing of strict convictions The impacts of kid disregard are not restricted to the youngsters in the careless families. Exploration is presently demonstrating that impacts last well into adulthood. Emotionally, however truly too. Sexual maltreatment consequences for youngsters and youth can be obvious in passionate, physical and social ways. These impacts can be similarly as destroying whether there was just a single event or there were rehashed events. Sexual maltreatment can't be thought about, in light of the fact that each misuse experience is remarkable. Kids are helpless against sexual maltreatment in view of their age, size and guiltlessness. At the point when a youngster or youth is attacked, she/he discovers that grown-ups can't be trusted for care and insurance: prosperity is ignored, and there is an absence of help and security. These lead to

Guide for Writing Project Proposals

Guide for Writing Project Proposals This is an outline of how to compose great, succinct recommendations for course extends. The focal point of this synopsis is on programming or usage ventures, yet the general thoughts can be applied to most recommendations. The suggested lengths of segments are given expecting a report length of 2 to 5 pages. Utilize proper scaling for longer proposition records. Test Outline coming up next is an example layout for an undertaking proposal.Note that all inquiries for an area may not matter to your proposition, and ought to be utilized as a general guide in particular. 1. Presentation (1 or 2 sections) 1. Inspiration Sentence 2. Sum up the issue (1 or 2 sentences) 3. Sum up the arrangement (1 or 2 sentences) 4. Portray arrangement of rest of proposition (areas, and so on ) 2. Inspiration (1 to 3 passages) 1. What is the historical backdrop of the issue? 2. For what reason is this issue fascinating? 3. When and for what reason does the issue happen? 4 . Is the difficult previously illuminated? What is done at this point? 5.Are there any comparative frameworks or answers for the one you propose? Assuming this is the case, reference and quickly clarify them. 6. Are there are potential upgrades to current arrangements? 3. Venture Summary (1 section) 1. What by and large will this undertaking accomplish? (Try not to dig into subtleties or courses of events. ) 4. Undertaking Details 1. Design and Environment (2-3 passages + figures) 1. Depict the task condition (programming, equipment, dialects, associations, and so forth ) 2. Charts and figures are helpful here if proper. . What programming, equipment, or devices will you use? 2. Execution Issues and Challenges (2-3 passages) 1. What will be the most troublesome issues and difficulties in the execution? 2. How are you utilizing or expanding current devices/frameworks for your concern? 3. What makes your undertaking extraordinary? 3. Expectations (3-5 sections †point-structure mi ght be utilized for a portion of the portrayal) 1. What will the undertaking produce? (program, report, and so on ) 2. Depict in relative detail the highlights of every one of the venture's items. 3.You may wish to isolate expectations into stages and show discretionary parts given time. 4. Accentuate what your venture contributes or accomplishes! 4. Course of events (1 passage †point-structure is reasonable) 1. Give an expected course of events of undertaking expectations and significant dates. 5. End (1 section) 1. Sum up the undertaking including the issue, inspiration, and proposed arrangement, and re-state significant (arranged) commitments. 6. References 1. Rundown references used to gather proposition and references that will be utilized for venture (if definitely known).

Dilemmas in Writing a Dissertation

Dilemmas in Writing a DissertationFor students, the dissertation writing process can be an exhausting one. This is especially true for those who are accustomed to working on papers in research groups. The dissertation must be properly organized and well thought out so that it will be as comprehensive as possible. Students must be dedicated to their work if they hope to turn a dissertation proposal into a real writing project.Writing a dissertation is not necessarily a difficult task but it does require a lot of dedication. All students will face some difficulties when they embark on the dissertation writing process. These difficulties can be discouraging to both the student and his or her advisor. This is why a student should spend some time with his or her advisor to help deal with the difficulties that arise.While there is little that can be done in this regard, one thing that can be used by a student's advisor is the consultation. The advisor must be able to keep an open mind abou t the student's ideas and suggestions. While he or she cannot be a referee or a censor, the advisor should be able to at least give his or her views on the matter at hand.The student can also encourage his or her advisor to give more time to the dissertation topic. If the advisor is overly involved in planning the dissertation is the last thing on his or her mind, the student should be willing to set aside time. The idea is to get a good grade.A student's dissertation proposal must provide as much detail as possible. Most college students will generally not be able to write a dissertation within the required time frame. A project deadline is the only way to ensure that the student will meet the deadline. A deadline date should be planned to avoid mistakes.It is important that the student takes time to plan what kind of papers he or she will use for the project. Some students may find themselves drawn to writing short papers while others may wish to write a longer dissertation that r equires a higher level of organization. Whatever the case, a student should know exactly what kind of paper he or she will be writing.Most advisors will allow the student to outline what he or she has planned for class discussion. This is an essential part of the project. Often, the students' advice will be a big help in writing a great class presentation.Follow these basic tips and a student should be able to successfully write a dissertation. After all, this is a much bigger accomplishment than many students think.

Role Of Strategic Human Resource Management - 1916 Words

Introduction As human resource (HR) management started to replace personnel management to become one of the important inter-functions of the organization, some people may question what make this subcategory of management has important impact on the operation of organisation. Then started to research the strategic value of human resources. Hendry and Pettgrew (1986, cited in Storey, 2007) define that strategic human resource management (SHRM) is a usage of planning consistent HR practices or policies that align with strategy of the organisations to create sustainable competitive advantages (SCA). There are three main approaches in SHRM, which are the best practice (universalist), the best-fit (contingency) and the resource-based. Below this article will briefly introduces theses three approaches, and critically analyse the limitation of these approaches. The Best Practice Approach The assumption underlies in this approach is that there are some ‘best’ human resource practices, which can universally apply to any organisations and will lead to the improvement of organisational performance, such as improvement in employees’ attitudes and productivity (Beardwell Claydon, 2010:57; Purcell, 2001:60). It is a unitary perspective that assumes all employees would pursue the goals generated by organisations (Wilton, 2010: 278). One of the most well-known models is Pfeffer’s (1994,1998, cited in Beardwell Claydon, 2010:57) ‘putting people first’, which identify seven HR practicesShow MoreRelatedStrategic Role Of Human Resource Management1550 Words   |  7 Pagesincreasing competitive environment organisation needs to focus on the value of investing human resources as a major competitive advantage. It is important to set a HRM to meet those advantages to meet company’s objectives with the flexible environment. Schuler ( 1992) defines strategic human resource management as â€Å"the integration and adaption to ensure (1) human resource management is fully with the strategy and the strategic needs of the firm (2) HR polices cohere both across policy areas and across hierarchies;Read MoreStrategic Role Of Human Resource Management Essay1813 Words   |  8 PagesThe human resource management refers to the activities that an organization uses, to implement a labor force in an effective manner; these activities are: the determination of the human resources strategy of the company, recruitment, performance evaluation, the administrative development, and remuneration and labor relations. The strategic role of human resource management in itself is complex in a national company, but it is even more in an international company, where recruitment activities, administrativeRead MoreThe Role Of Strategic Human Resource Management Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagescompanies today are expanding the use of strateg ic human resource management. In fact, now more than ever, executives are working closely and strategically with their human resources divisions in developing creative ways to implement proper policies, practices, and systems that can successfully influence employees’ attitude and performance† (Noe, Hollenback, Gerhart, Wright, 2015, p. 5). Consequently, Whole Foods considers various aspects of its strategic and distinctive HR practices. In its benefitsRead MoreThe Role Of Bureaucracy And Strategic Human Resource Management2591 Words   |  11 Pagesbureaucracy and strategic human resource management. In addition, the research paper discusses the various aspects of strategic human resource management and the application of bearacracy in the contemporary personnel management. In the paper, the author examines the effect of various human resource management approaches on the adoption of business and policy decisions in an organization. The goal of the research is to present a framework that can be utilized by organizational management in the makingRead MoreThe Role of Strategic Groups in Understanding Strategic Human Resource Management15467 Words   |  62 Pagesjournal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0048-3486.htm The role of strategic groups in understanding strategic human resource management Judie M. Gannon Oxford School of Hospitality Management, Faculty of Business, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK The role of strategic groups 513 Liz Doherty Business School, Shefï ¬ eld Hallam University, Shefï ¬ eld, UK, and Angela Roper School of Hospitality Tourism Management, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Abstract Purpose – This articleRead MoreA STUDY ON STRATEGIC ROLE OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿PREFACE Strategic management is the management of change involving the system of corporate values, the corporate culture, and all managerial process of change, such as leadership, planning, control, and human resources management. The strategic management process represents a logical, systematic, and objective approach for determining an enterprises future direction. Researchers usually distinguish three stages in the process of strategic management: strategy formulation, strategy implementationRead MoreThe Role of Human Resource Information Systems (Hris) in Strategic Human Resource Management (Shrm)19886 Words   |  80 PagesThe Role of Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) in Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) Asafo-Adjei Agyenim Boateng Master of Science Theses in Accounting Swedish School Of Economics and Business Administration 2007 HANKEN-Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration Department: Accounting Type of Work: Master of Science Thesis Author: Asafo-Adjei Agyenim Boateng Date: 4th August, 2007 Title of Thesis THE ROLE OF HRIS IN STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Abstract: InformationRead MoreThe Strategic Role of Human Resources Management in Promoting Corporate Social Responsibility in Business Organisations in Zimbabwe1764 Words   |  8 PagesTHE STRATEGIC ROLE OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN PROMOTING CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS IN ZIMBABWE 1. InTRODUCTION This study will critically analyse how industry in Zimbabwe is exploiting the strategic role of Human Resources Management in promoting Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives in order to give their business organizations competitive advantage. This introduction presents a context of the research proposal and helps to clarify how fulfilment ofRead MoreRewarding Employees Through Compensation and the Role Job Analysis and Hr Planning Has on the Organisations Performance with Strategic Human Resource Management and Remedies6185 Words   |  25 PagesREWARDING EMPLOYEES THROUGH COMPENSATION AND THE ROLE JOB ANALYSIS AND HR PLANNING HAS ON THE ORGANISATIONS PERFORMANCE WITH STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND REMEDIES CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 4 2. ASSIGNMENT ONE

Malcolm X And The Civil Rights Era - 1852 Words

During a very significant time period of American History, many leaders, particularly Malcolm X, rose to prominence during the Civil Rights era. The mid 1900’s was a time of racial segregation, and discrimination leading to a worldwide issue between the black and white races. â€Å"By any means necessary†, a famous quote breeds from this time of racial discrimination which brought together thousands of people to get what they as humans deserved. 100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans in Southern states still inhabited a harshly unequal world of segregation, and forms of oppression. Jim Crow laws were formed during the 1880’s forming a system of segregation and discrimination that barred black Americans from a status equal to that of white Americans. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the constitution granted blacks freedom, citizenship, and suffrage. Malcolm X during his lifetime had influenced many African Americans to step up for t heir rights against the injustices by the American government. While he has been criticized for his hard stances that resemble extremism, on the other hand he has been praised him for his effort in raising the status for African Americans. Malcolm X was a brave advocate for African Americans as he fought for what him and every other black person in the world deserved, freedom. Both his participation in the civil rights movement, and his promotion of segregation between blacks and whites had a great impact on the worldwideShow MoreRelatedMalcolm X : An Influential Leader Of The Civil Rights Era1556 Words   |  7 PagesMalcolm X was one of the most influential leaders of the civil rights era, along with Martin Luther King Jr. I have chosen this speech because I think it shows prime examples of rhetoric. This speech was very important to the people of the civil rights movement as it motivated and empowered them not to back down and to fight back with force. He was adamant in his resistance to white oppression and very militant in his actions. He both invigorated and separated the African Americans throughRead MoreBlack Power Movement774 Words   |  4 Pagesam Black and I am proud’ was an anthem that filled the 1960s. A time period which saw the militancy of Malcolm X, the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and a student movement that would push forward an agenda of black culture empowerment that would change America. This movement arose from civil activism of the 1950s with leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X during the Civil Rights movement and then Stokely Carmichael. The Black Power Movement arose from males who had grown weary ofRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X1491 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Civil Rights Movement, which lasted from 1865 to the late 1960s, three different amendments were composed and ratified in favor of African Americans. Many famous African Americans, from musicians to authors and leaders to entertainers, sprouted from the influence of thi s period. Two strong leaders from this era were Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. Martin Luther King Jr. made a bigger impact on the population than Malcolm X because of his speeches, beliefs, direct and peaceful activitiesRead MoreMalcolm X and the Civil Rights Movement Essay730 Words   |  3 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement includes social movements in the United States whose objective was to end racial segregation as well as discrimination against African-Americans. Civil rights are a class of rights that protects individuals freedom and ensure ones ability to participate in the civil and political life. Civil rights include the ensuring of life and safety, protection from an individual. The United States tries to get voting rights for them. The phase of the movement began in 1954 and endedRead MoreMalcolm X Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesMalcolm X was one of the most prominent and controversial leaders during the civil rights era of the 1950’s and 1960’s. By t he early 1960’s he had grown frustrated with the non violent, integrated struggle for civil rights and worried that blacks would ultimately lose control of their own movement. Malcolm X was a key spokesman for the nation of Islam, epitomized the â€Å"Black Power† philosophy. Malcolm became an influential leader of the nation of islam, which combined Islam with black nationalismRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement712 Words   |  3 PagesCivil rights movement The African Americans managed to solve their conflict and resolution through acts of non-violence and struggle. Even though the actions taken by Malcolm X were of good intentions, they ended up causing a ripple between African Americans. On the other hand Martin Luther King Jr. identified that if people were going to respond to hatred with more hatred then there will be little chances for change and substance which was never understood by Malcolm. He was, of course, powerfulRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. vs. Malcolm X1263 Words   |  6 Pages* Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X are two people on different ends of the scales, with totally different up-bringings. * King was brought up by a rich black family,with a good education, and a good chance at life. He was a black aristocrat, and a wealthy man. * Malcolm X was brought up in the ghetto, and had to learn to defend himself against racist white children. He was deptived of his father, who was found dead, murdered by a white mob. His mother became mentally ill so he wasRead MoreEssay Malcom X and Non-violence1008 Words   |  5 PagesMy life has always been one of changes (436). Malcolm X, throughout his life, was one of the most influential, and quite possibly the most effective, civil rights activists of the twentieth century. His radical ideas and views were widely sought after from the oppressed African-American population in the 1950s and 60s. The changes he underwent throughout his life affected his views of a racist America and inspired him to lead a dedicated life preaching, what he thought to be, the only methodRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1260 Words   |  6 Pagesdesegregation and racism. It was an era where blacks couldn’t have the same rights as a white individual. African A merican were treated with hate and anger. The Civil Rights Movement is embodied in dramatic recorded speeches. Speeches like â€Å"I have A Dream†, the â€Å"Black Revolution†, and â€Å"Black Power’ and Coalition Politics. These speeches were written by great leaders. Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, and Bayard Rusting were just some of the wise leaders of the Civil Rights. However, these influential leadersRead MoreFighting is not always the right way to go, and you should pick and choose your battles because,600 Words   |  3 Pagesnot always the right way to go, and you should pick and choose your battles because, you are not going to win every fight, and there is always going to be someone bigger and better than you, but Malcolm X proved that sometimes it is ok fighting for what you believe is right. He fought for what he believed in, and that was full freedom and equal rights for African Americans. Malcolm X went from humiliation to admiration for fig hting for what he believed was right to him. Malcolm X sacrificed his life

Essay about Comparison of Two Advertisements - 719 Words

Comparison of Two Advertisements First of all, I will look at the history of advertising. Most historians believe that the first adverts were signs hung above shop doors in Babylon, now Iraq. This was as early as 3000 B.C. Many people could not read, so these early adverts were often symbols, for example a boot indicated a shoemakers shop. The first mass advertisement in Britain was in about 1472, after Johannes Gutenburg had invented movable type. It was a poster advertising the sale of a book, and was stuck to church doors. Many early adverts also told little truth. For example adverts for non-prescription drugs often told of cures for many ailments, falsely. With the rise of television and†¦show more content†¦Its purpose is to persuade you to rent a car from their company, and is aimed at businessmen. The advert is mainly text, however there is one large picture at the top of a car with a man by it. There is also a smaller logo in the bottom left of the ad. At the top there is a big head-line which is a slogan saying: Men who are going places use Hertz! This is quite prominent and is what you notice as soon as you look at the advert. The way this advert persuades us is to impact the thought of Hertz being an easy and efficient company to use. This idea of easiness is used throughout the advert and from the moment we see it its obvious. quick, easy, low-costà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, as easy as A B C. These are just some of the slogans used in the advert. There is also a small picture of some building blocks, to give the effect of easiness once more. The picture of a man says something about the period. At that time women were still thought of as housewives and werent expected to need a car to travel about far, so in this advert all of the language is about the men. Many men have found Hertzà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, men who are going placesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The language used in the advert is mainly quite informal, however in the small-print part, the language is formal. There is a large use of hyphens and compound words, trying to persuade you about theShow MoreRelatedComparison of Two Advertisements1815 Words   |  8 PagesA Comparison of Two Advertisements The Oxford dictionary definition of ‘advertise’ is: â€Å"To promote (goods or services) publicly to increase sales.† But is it more than that? I think that the meaning of advertising is forever changing, as the consumer becomes more demanding and the producer becomes more ‘devious’ in the ways they promote the product they are trying to sell. Now, I believe that advertising means: trying to sell products to people whether or not they set out to buy them in the firstRead MoreA Comparison Of Two Advertisements890 Words   |  4 Pagesare exposed to on average over 5,000 advertisements a day. (Sheree) If that number seems high to you, just take a moment to think about how many times a day you see someone with Nike clothes on, or someone eating McDonalds for lunch. That’s all advertisements. Other countries have advertisements as well, but people from other countries find different things appealing in a product than someone from the United States . You can still see similarities in advertisements even though there are distinct differencesRead MoreA Comparison of Two Advertisements Essay708 Words   |  3 PagesA Comparison of Two Advertisements I have looked at 2 advertisements, one is from Sugar magazine and the other from Style magazine. The advertisement from Sugar, is for LOreal Paris Colour Pulse Hair Dye; the advertisement from Style is for Clinique Autumn 2004 close up on lips: modern metallics. All advertisements are aimed at specific target audiences and as such require different ideas, linguistic devices and presentational features to attract them. TheRead MoreA Comparison of Two Advertisements Essay2102 Words   |  9 PagesA Comparison of Two Advertisements I am going to compare two advertisements which I took from the magazine Marie Claire. Marie Claires target audience is young, sophisticated women, aged 18-30s. In the magazine, there is lots about fashion, beauty, relationships and general womens issues. I have chosen two different advertisements to compare. Both advertisements have very different, effective persuasive techniques which I am going to discuss. I am going toRead MoreEssay about A Comparison of Two Advertisements1239 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Two Advertisements Advertising is a tool used by businesses to inform us about their products and to persuade us to buy them. Advertisements are all around us: on billboards, in magazines, in newspapers, on the Internet, on airplanes, in shop windows, on posters and banners, on leaflets and so on. Advertisements attempt to persuade the subconscious that our lives would be improved if we bought the product on offer. Advertisements affect our livesRead MoreEssay on A Comparison of Two Television Advertisements1065 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Two Television Advertisements Television is the most important medium for advertising, and advertising is a vital component of traditional TV business models. It has always been difficult to assess the benefits of TV advertising as advertisers have traditionally had only a vague idea of who may have seen a particular advert and the actual impact on them. However, they can try and target an audience specifically e.g. time, channel of advert, etc. MostRead MoreA Comparison of Two Advertisements Essay examples1129 Words   |  5 PagesA Comparison of Two Advertisements Advertising is a way of publicizing a product that you want to sell. There are many of different things to advertise, such as clothes, shoes, cars, watches etc. Advertising promotes the latest goods that are out in the shops. Advertising effects me everyday because every time I see a advertisement it attracts me to the product and I think about buying it or saving up to buy it. In this assignment, I will be talking about two differentRead MoreA Comparison of Two Print Advertisements Essay2065 Words   |  9 PagesA Comparison of Two Print Advertisements For this advertisement I will be analyzing and comparing two recent advertisements selling similar products from the same company. They are both advertising Nokia mobile phones. The first advertisement I shall be analyzing appeared in November 2004 from a Campus a popular university newspaper. The commercial that I will be comparing the first one to, comes from a business magazine entitled Arabian Business and appeared in DecemberRead MoreAdvertising Analysis : The Pepsi Advertisement Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesMedia Essay Advertisements are among the most popular forms of media an ordinary person can consume. Due to their high prominence in consumers’ lives, brand competition through visual advertisements stands as no foreign matter to the majority of large companies. PepsiCo remain no strangers to commercial competition due to their flagship brand of soft drink: Pepsi. However, PepsiCo harbors a longstanding conflict in the soft drink market with rival product Coca-Cola. Logically, the conflict betweenRead MoreAdvertising Of The Same Media863 Words   |  4 PagesComparisons between advertisements of the same media take a specific skill, eye, and intellect to make these comparisons and contrasts. Comparisons can include the imagery, copy, and the campaign, these are up to debate for the viewer, to one an advertisement can be provocative, but to another the advertisement can simply be a form of bandwagon. Calvin Klein and Versace have two internet advertisements that I believe them to both be provocative in their own special ways, but share a form of bandwagon

Novel Great Expectations Essay Example For Students

Novel Great Expectations Essay Dickens uses setting in a variety of ways in Great Expectations. He uses it as a way to mirror the feelings of a character and to expand on the characterisation towards Pip. This allows him to create an environment that the reader can empathise with. In Chapter One, we connect with Pip in a graveyard. The dark, dismal feelings portrayed by the negative adjectives mirror the feelings within Pip specifically, the feeling of loneliness or abandonment that Pip is suffering from at this stage. The dead nature of the graveyard, and the subsequent introduction of Magwitch, could connate Magwitchs death further in the novel. As Dickens was an outspoken socialist, the graveyard could also be used to represent the high mortality rate as a result of extreme poverty within the 19th century in England. This is specifically represented by the reference to five little stone lozenges siblings of Pip who have already succumbed to the void. A distant savage lair provides the hint of an introduction to Magwitch. Magwitch could also be represented by the brittle, brutal nature of the landscape. We will write a custom essay on Novel Great Expectations specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This is particularly reinforced by the uncultured, colloquial way in which he speaks, that shows his roots and the time he has spent in prison. However, as the chapter evolves, we see the perspective of Magwitch change. He is shown as limping and cut, which encourages us to feel pity for him and could hint at the battered existence he has had which has led him to crime. This could represent the view that Dickens had that being of one particular sect, whether good or bad, does not force you all to the same opinion. The entire novel is told from the point of view of Pip, which allows us to experience the actions from his perspective. This increases the empathy that we feel with the characters and allows a much greater range of tension and emotion to be used. Furthermore, as the story is told from this perspective and it progresses, we see Pip mature and get a much more adult opinion of the world. In Chapter Eight, Pip visits the house owned by Miss Havisham, who lives there with her ward Estella. As soon as Pip enters the house, we see the influence that Miss Havisham has extended upon it. Havisham was left standing at the altar on the day of her wedding, and this has had an enormous influence on her state of mind and her attitude towards humanity men, in particular. We see that as she has decayed, brooded and plotted, her abode has decayed with her. Her entire room displays a recurring theme of white, yet as Pip looks closer he sees that what was once white is now yellow. This represents the passage of time for Miss Havisham, and shows that she has faded over time, and is now a shadow of her former self. There is a repetition throughout the description of her as half: she has one shoe, her veil was half arranged, her trunks were half packed. This could be a reference to the fact that Miss Havisham is only half herself the other half of her being with her vanished, not-to-be partner. It could also suggest that she has been maddened, but it perhaps has a greater influence and shows her as a spider, twitching the webs of other lives to suit her purposes. This for example is shown when she allows Estella to practice on Pip, encouraging her to break him. We also see that Miss Havisham is used to being in control, as the offhand way that she uses imperatives to command Pip and Estella. However, we also see that she is old and broken, and Dickens encourages us to pity her. This is done by her having the appearance of having drooped under the weight of a crushing blow. This could serve the purpose of encouraging us to look deeper into the hidden meaning of a character or setting, to see the truth. This could be related to Dickens opinion of politics. We clearly see the future influence that Estella will have on Pip by the way that he introduces her. .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1 , .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1 .postImageUrl , .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1 , .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1:hover , .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1:visited , .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1:active { border:0!important; } .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1:active , .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1 .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2ede2a876d5fa6a51da063b266f4b3b1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Courtroom Drama EssayShe is described as her light came along the passage like a star. This suggests that Pip is dazzled by her, and it also sets the scene for the future romance between them. However, we also see from a scornful young lady that Pip will have difficulty in attracting her interest. This is probably a reference to the opinion that Dickens has on the divide amongst the upper and lower classes, and the subsequent unhappiness that comes from it. In Chapter Twenty-Five, Pip visits Wemmicks household. Wemmick is in the employment of Mr Jaggers, a lawyer working in and around Newgate Prison. The significance of this is that when Wemmick raises the drawbridge to cut off the communication, it shows that Wemmick wishes to keep his work and home life very separate. This represents the belief that an Englishmans home is his castle. Dickens makes a mockery of this phrase by using Wemmick as a stereotypical Englishman. His house is describes as a childs copy of a castle, with compromises and illusions to aid the effect. This could show that Pip, and by extension Dickens, feels jaded and wishes to ridicule the mentality of the English people that if they ignore something and shut themselves off from it, it will cease to exist. This would be one of Dickens major concerns: as without the support of the rich who would need to open their eyes and look at the situation it will not be possible for the situation of the poor to change. In conclusion, there are a number of ways that Dickens uses setting in Great Expectations. It is primarily used as a way for us to empathize with the characters, which is particularly important for us because of the way in which Pip, our narrator, acts and matures as the novel progresses. However, the setting is also used to represent Dickens views on society, classes, and segregation, and he does so to great effect.

How to Add Facebook Reactions to WordPress

In todays short tutorial, we show you how to add Facebook Reactions to WordPress.In February 2016, Facebook revamped their Like feature by introducing Reactions. This new feature allowed users to share how they felt about a post – whether it made them laugh or cry, or express emotions such as surprise or anger. This finally resolved one of Facebooks perpetual problems, too: knowing how to respond to a friend sharing bad news without implying that you like their unfortunate predicament.For WordPress webmasters, we tend to analyze our audiences engagement using cold hard statistics number of comments, social shares, and Google Analytics metrics. If, however, you want to present more human emotions on your website, well, now you can! If you want to add Facebook Reactions to WordPress, I recommend the Emojics Reactions plugin its available for free by following the link below. WordPress Reaction Buttons and Feedback Emoji Plugin Emojics Author(s): EmojicsCurrent Version: 1.5 .3Last Updated: September 18, 2019emojics-wp.1.5.3.zip 92%Ratings 10,921Downloads 3.0.1Requires Using the Emojics WordPress Reaction Buttons and Feedback Emoji plugin to add Facebook Reactions to WordPressBefore we can use the plugin, we need to install it (heres our detailed guide on how to install a plugin).In short, log in to your WordPress dashboard, then click Plugins / Add New. Now search for Emojics Reactions.The plugin should be the first one returned – in fact, its currently the only plugin returned.Complete the installation by clicking Install Now / Activate Plugin.How to configure the Emojics Reactions pluginThe plugin is really simple to configure, too, and should take no more than a few minutes. You will find the settings listed on the left next to Emojics. There are only a few fields to work through, so things are relatively straightforward.To add Facebook Reactions to WordPress, start by signing up for a free account. Once you complete the sign up go to se ttings and enable the widget accordingly.You can choose all of your pages, media library, categories, and even your 404 page. The counter is enabled by default, which is a great way to encourage more clicks, so its highly recommended.At this point, you can switch to set widget to take more control over the appearance and position. Here you can set the copy for the CTA and choose the reaction set.The Facebook reaction buttons are fully responsive and include stylish animations – when visitors hover over the Like button, the reactions pop up.The display counters will be beneath each of the reactions.Next, you get to choose where the buttons are displayed – the positioning on the screen and which page types they appear on.Choosing the positioning on the screen is incredibly straightforward. There are four options: middle left or right, or bottom left or right: Finally, you can choose to exclude URLs from this screen. You can change the display counter to count or percent age, plus you can choose to display them on specialist pages such as the homepage and/or archive page:When youre happy, hit Save.Job done! Depending on your chosen settings, the reactions will now automatically appear on your site.And thats all there is to it! Quick, easy, and painless.Emojics ProSo far, weve only discussed the functionalities available in the free version of Emojics Reactions – and the free plugin has all the features you need, really.If, however, you want to support the developers and unlock a few extra features, you can upgrade right from the dashboard for just $14.The pro version supports a few automated campaigns, advanced analytics that lets you track user reactions across your entire site without time limitations.Final thoughtsNow you can add Facebook Reactions to WordPress quite easily, courtesy of the free Emojics Reactions plugin. The plugin takes no more than a few moments to setup – or no time at all, as the default settings are usable out- the-box – and adds stylish reaction buttons and counters to your website, as the screenshots above demonstrate.Reactions give your visitors a cool new way to interact with your website, plus your audience can collectively indicate how they feel about your content – and you can use this feedback to craft even better content!Are you using the Emojics Reactions plugin? Share your thoughts and ask any questions in the comments below! How to add #Facebook reactions to #WordPress ðŸ˜Æ'⠝ ¤Ã¯ ¸ Ã°Å¸â€˜ Ã°Å¸Ëœ  

Whens the last time you were bored Maybe its been too long.

Whens the last time you were bored Maybe its been too long. â€Å"I’m boooorrrrrrrrrrred!† Early on a Saturday evening, I admitted to a friend that I had watched a Netflix movie the night before and was likely going to watch another one that night. For many people, watching videos two nights in a row would not be a remarkable occurrence. But for me, it was an anomaly- a rare sign of boredom. â€Å"I don’t think I’ve ever heard you say that before,† said my friend. Indeed, it is not unusual for me to go a month without finding a single 2-hour block of time to sit and watch a video. What did it mean that I had two such blocks of time to fill in one weekend? Had I failed in some way by not scheduling something more â€Å"important†? In fact, I think my unexpectedly empty time meant that I had gotten enough done and was sufficiently on top of my schedule that I felt unpressured to fill that time with productive activities. A success, not a failure! Yet my inner voice was saying, â€Å"Brenda, you’re bored. You had better do something to occupy your brain.† I considered my options. Should I watch my Netflix video, The Blind Side? Or find something on my business task list to tackle on this Saturday night? Surely there must be something for me to write or edit! I let the wheels in my brain spin for a while. And, after a few minutes of â€Å"boredom,† I settled on a new idea: a blog article about this very topic. I wondered if other people had identified boredom as a positive emotion or event, and if so, what factors were at work in our bored brains? The Value of Boredom Not long ago, I heard someone complain of being bored and explained to him that I celebrate boredom despite the discomfort it may entail. I see boredom as an opportunity to rest my brain- an empty place that is necessary for the spark of creativity to take hold. I discovered quite a bit of interesting material that supported my opinion. First was a TED talk by Genevieve Bell. Ms. Bell explained that the experience of boredom is a moment when, neurochemically, the brain lights up. The bored brain is almost as active as the engaged brain! Boredom is an opportunity for the brain to reset itself, and this reset is apparently a very active process. Ms. Bell also referenced Heidegger, who argued in 1929 that being bored is a fundamental state of being human- and that we should spend less time putting it at bay and more time embracing it. The Quest for Boredom Nowadays, it’s hard to be bored. A text message or facebook update awaits us at every moment. If we don’t like one thing, we move on to the next. We are more likely to be overloaded than bored. For me, this overload shows up as the inability during most months to find time to watch the Netflix video sitting on my desk. Yet those times of disconnection, when the brain gets a rest, are often the most pleasurable times in life. As Peter Bregman stated in his Harvard Business School blog article, Why I Returned My iPad: Being bored is a precious thing, a state of mind we should pursue. Once boredom sets in, our minds begin to wander, looking for something exciting, something interesting to land on. And that’s where creativity arises. My best ideas come to me when I am  unproductive. When I am running but not listening to my iPod. When I am sitting, doing nothing, waiting for someone. When I am lying in bed as my mind wanders before falling to sleep. These â€Å"wasted† moments, moments not filled with anything in particular, are vital. They are the moments in which we, often unconsciously, organize our minds, make sense of our lives, and connect the dots. They’re the moments in which we talk to ourselves. And listen. To lose those moments, to replace them with tasks and efficiency, is a mistake. What’s worse is that we don’t just lose them. We actively throw them away. An Astonishing Feat!! Finally, I discovered a June 13, 2011   â€Å"On Point† episode with Tom Ashbrook, featuring guest Peter Toohey who wrote an entire book about boredom (Boredom: A Lively History). Callers largely agreed that boredom is the key to creativity. And neuroscientist Jonah Lehrer jumped on to share that boredom is the precursor to daydreaming, an â€Å"astonishing mental feat† wherein, he confirmed, just as much brain activity occurs as when we are focused on something. I suppose the daydreaming phenomenon occurs whether boredom comes from having â€Å"nothing† to do or from disinterest in whatever we are doing. From my cursory research, I found that there is a clear connection between boredom and the birth of new ideas. Reportedly, many of the best ideas arise when we can untether ourselves from the constant stream of information that bombards us in every minute. I’m glad I chose not to put that DVD in my computer. It’s still there when I want it, and I found a friend who asked to watch it with me. In the end, by allowing boredom to set in for just a few short minutes, I created a fascinating, brain-lit-up Saturday evening.

Outline for Examining Three Contemporary Artworks Essay

Outline for Examining Three Contemporary Artworks - Essay Example The essay "Outline for Examining Three Contemporary Artworks" gives an outline for an essay that should analyze Three Contemporary Artworks. The relevant material listed below: the key themes portrayed by the author on this subject are investigation of the modern border regime based on his perspective; the author also seeks to present how art work informs his exhibitions driven by conceptuality; the theoretical framework implies there are chances the author may be a curator as he is able effectively compare the modern and recent art; Some of the concepts mentioned in the writing are epistemology, anthropology and dichotomy. These help us in identifying the boundary between the modern and ancient art; stipulates that , â€Å"The ‘rationalist veil’ is a privileged site of a particular modern practice aimed at creating continuity, blending systemic knowledge, belief, and the power of imagery.†Sound art is one contemporary art that draws focus on aural stimulation unl ike the traditional painting which interests the eye. The introductory sentence can be tied to the following: the art uses music and sound technology to create artistic experience; in order to value sound art as a worthwhile form in the history of art we must shy away from nomenclature and focus on sound aesthetics; the vocabulary of sound as well as its role in contemporary art has chanced compared to the classical art so as to suite new works; music entails jargon as beat, atonal, and canon. The art of drawing has remained unchanged for years.

Faith and Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Faith and Knowledge - Essay Example Deduction, induction, and abduction in relation to reason in the works of Charles Sanders Peirce are also valid in relation to faith. Gdel's Incompleteness Theorems and Ontological Proof of the Existence of God are also valid when it comes to understand the limitations and shortcomings of both reason and faith. At the end of the road we find the unconditional love of God, and this knowledge springs out of the inner being of faith. The most important point that we ought to keep in mind is the fact that faith and reason are two sides of the same coin. In the same way in which reason is a source of knowledge, faith has also a gnoseological component in the very core of its essence. In the next passage we can assume that Dr. Chong Ho Yu (1994) -when referring to Peirce's concepts- was speaking about faith instead of reason, and the resulting assertions would be completely valid in the realm of faith. Let's see: "The philosophical notions introduced by Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) are helpful for researchers in understanding the nature of knowledge and reality. In Peircean logical system, the logic of abduction and deduction contribute to our conceptual understanding of a phenomenon, while the logic of induction adds quantitative details to our conceptual knowledge. Although Peirce justified the validity of induction as a self-corrective process, he asserted that neither induction nor deduction can help us to unveil the internal structure of meaning. As exploratory data analysis performs the function as a model builder for confirmatory data analysis, abduction plays a role of explorer of viable paths to further inquiry. Thus, the logic of abduction fits well into exploratory data analysis. At the stage of abduction, the goal is to explore the data, find a pattern, and suggest a plausible hypothesis; deduction is to refine the hypothesis based upon other plausible premises; and inducti on is the empirical substantiation." (Yu, 1994). Deduction, induction, and abduction are three interdependent facets of the same process of reasoning according to the insight of Charles Sanders Peirce. Those three elements give shape to faith too. Abduction is a form of guessing, and when we speak of "blind faith" we are indeed referring to the abductive aspect of faith. When we take a look at the Universe, and out its evident majesty we recognise the existence of God, we are using the deductive aspect of faith. In the same way, when we wake up any morning to go to work once again having faith in the idea that everything will work out right during the next 24-hour period, then we are exercising the inductive aspect of faith. And the process of living full of faith every second of our lives has a gnoseological content that makes us be better knowers in our experience of everyday relying and trusting, growing in faith. It doesn't matter if that faith is religious or secular. Faith is faith without any regards of the labels we put on it. As proof of the fact that faith and reason work together in the realm of knowledge, we can clearly see how faith and reason go hand in hand in the following passages from the Bible. Let's see: "Now faith is an assumption of what is being expected, a conviction concerning matters which are not

Microbial Analysis of Soil Essay Example for Free

Microbial Analysis of Soil Essay Abstract: soil samples were collected fortnightly from area near Dahisar River, A river in suburb of Mumbai. laboratory analysis started from July 2010 to September 2010. Total bacterial and fungal count were estimated by standard spread plate isolation. Isolated bacteria were subject to colony characterization and were estimated by their morphological and biochemical characters. As being a monsoon the occurrence of variation of different species were high. The microorganisms isolated from the soil were of staphylococcus strain and were gram positive, aerobic, coccus shaped bacteria. The fungal species were also identified, of which Aspergillus and Penicillium were dominant, followed by mucur, as sub dominant .This project aims to find out the water and soil quality of River and as it is flowing through an industrial area, to find out if it is getting affected by the Industrial pollutants. Introduction: Soil is the region on the earth’s crust where geology and biology meet, the land surface that provides a home to plant animal and microbial life (Pelczar et al., 1993). Soil teems with microscopic life (bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses) as well as macroscopic life such as earthworms, nematodes, mites, and insects, and also the root systems of plants. The numbers and kinds of micro- organisms present in soil depend on many environmental factors: amount and type of nutrients available, available moisture, degree of aeration, pH, temperature etc (Prescott et al., 1999). Soil bacteria and fungi play pivotal roles in various biochemical cycles and are responsible for the recycling of organic compounds (Wall and Virginia, 1999). Soil microorganisms also influence above- ground ecosystems by contributing to plant nutrition, plant health, soil structure and soil fertility (O’Donnell et al., 2001). Soil is generally a favorable habitat for the proliferation of microorganisms, with micro colonies, developing around soil particles. Numbers of micro organism . In soil habitats normally are much higher than those in fresh water or marine habitats (Atals and Bartha, 1998). Bacteria make up the most abundant group of micro- organisms in the soil (3.0 x 106 – 5.0 x 108) per gram of soil, followed by the actinomycetes (1.0 x 106 – 2.0 x 107), fungi (5.0 x 103 – 9.0 x 106), yeast (I.0 x 103 – 1.0 x 106), algae and protozoa (1.0 x 103- 5.0 x 105) and nematodes (50 – 200) counts per gram of soil are wide differences in the relative proportions of individual bacteria genera found in particular soils (Atals and Bartha, 1998). Soil fungi may occur as free-living organisms or in mycorrhizal association with plant roots. Fungi are found primarily in the top 10 cm of the soil and are rarely found below 30 cm. They are most abundant in well-aerated and acidic soils (Domsch et al., 1980). Most fungi in soil are opportunistic (zymogenous). They grow and carry out active metabolism when conditions are favorable which implies adequate moisture, adequate aeration and relatively high concentrations of utilizable substrates (Postage, 1994; Miyanoto et al., 2002). In this research we isolate culturable heterotrophic bacteria and fungi from different top soil samples MATERIALS AND METHODS Laboratory analysis Preparation of materials The materials needed for this experiment include; glass wares (conical flasks, bijou bottles, pipettes, petri-dishes) and they were washed with detergents. These glass wares were rinsed thoroughly with clean distilled portable water and left to air dry before sterilizing them in the autoclave at 15ââ€" ¦C for 1 hour. Also, the laboratory cabinets on which the work would be carried out was swabbed with cotton wool soaked in methylated spirit to sterilize it before any microbiological analysis was carried out to avoid the growth and isolation of other organisms not present in the samples. After sterilization, the plates were allowed to cool to about 45 degrees before they were used. Microbiological evaluation Ten (10) grams of the soil sample for microbiological evaluation was weighed into 9ml of sterile water. Preparation of serial dilution goes thus: 1ml of the original stocks solution was poured into 9ml sterile distilled water and mixed thoroughly to give 10-2 of the original sample and this was done for each sample and the bottles labeled according to date of collection Isolation and Enumeration of Micro-organisms. 1gram of the samples was homogenized in 9mls of distilled water to obtain a ratio of 1:9 and the second diluted of each sample was plated using the pour plate technique. Sterile molten nutrient agar (NA), potato dextrose agar (PDA), macconky’s agar,(MA) manitol salt agar (MSA) and deoxycholate astrate agar (DCA) were used{the potato dextrose agar (PDA) was acidified). These agars were then added and left to solidify undisturbed. These plates were incubated 37oC for 24hours (incubation was aerobic) and the procedure was repeated using 10-2 finally the number of colonies per plates were counted and recorded. The acidified PDA was incubated at 25C for 3-7 days for microbial growth. Total Bacterial counts (Cfu/g) The total bacteria count for each sample was determined with the pour plate techniques using nutrient agar. The plates were incubated between 24hours at 370C and all colonies appearing on the end of the incubation period were counted using digital unlimited colony counter and the counts were expressed in colony forming unit per gram {CFU/g} of the sample. Colonies of bacteria developing on the plates were observed, isolated and reisolated on a fresh media until pure culture was obtained. Preparation of Pure Culture It is necessary to isolate organisms in pure culture before studying and identifying them because a pure culture originates from one cell. Characteristics colonies from the original culture on the plates were picked with a sterile wire loop (using surface streaking method) and this loop was used to make streak of the colony on the surface of newly prepared sterile agar plates of NA,MA MSA. These streak will space out the inoculants and discrete colony of a particular specie of organism and then incubated at 35-37oC for 24hours to enhance microbial growth. Distinct colonies were re-inoculated on another fresh agar plates in order to obtain a pure culture. The isolates were picked with sterile loop and streaked into prepared agar slants, labeled and incubated for growth after which they were kept in the refrigerator for future use and identification. Identification of Isolates These isolated bacteria were identified using both morphological culture characteristics (i.e. the color, shape, elevation, capacity, consistency, edge) and biochemical test (i.e. citrate, oxidase, indole, sugar fermentation, test etc.)and the bacteria were identified based on the results obtained from the above mentioned biochemical characterization results and the procedures include. Grams Staining Techniques A drop of distilled water was placed on a clean glass slide. The inoculating wire loop was sterilized by flaming until it was red hot (this is to prevent the invasion of unwanted micro- organisms that might be inhabiting the wire loop) in the blue flame of a Bunsen burner. The loop was allowed to cool and the small portion of each colony of microorganisms to be gram stained was picked and smeared in the drop of water (distilled) on the glass slide and then spread into a thin smear along the slide. The smear was air dried and passed through the blue flame. The smear was stained with 1%crystal violet and left for 1minutes (60secs) and then washed with running distilled water it was then stained again with Lugols iodine for another 60secs and also washed with running distilled water. The slide was decolorized rapidly with 75% alcohol in order to present the organism from having the color of the primary reagent and it was washed immediately with distilled water. The slide finally was flooded with a counter stain safranine (a secondary stain) for 60secons and also washed off with distilled water and allow to air dry. The slide was covered with a cover slide and observed under the microscope using oil immersion x 100 objective lens with immersion oil. The gram reaction of the isolated arrangement and the shape of the cell were observed and recorded. Gram positive (+ve) bacterial were characterized by a purple color (i.e. the primary stain) while the gram negative (-ve) bacteria were characterized by red color (i.e. the secondary stain) .This procedure is actually used to ascertain the component of each organisms cell wall. Motility Motility was determined by hanging drop techniques. Using loop, a little part of the colony of the organisms were grown in peptone water for 18hours and then placed in the grease free slide and covered with a Vaseline bound cover slip and then observed under x100 objective lens. A motile organism is then seen moving in the drop of liquid. Identification Of Mold Isolates Mold isolated was identified using cultural and morphological characteristics and according to (Fawole and Oso, 2001), microscopic observation was carried out using lacto phenol blue stain. Procedure for Mold Staining A drop of lacto phenol blue stain was dropped on a clean grease free sterilized glass slide and after this a sterile inoculating wire loop was used to pick the mycelium unto the glass slide from the mold culture .The mycelium was spread evenly on the slide. Teasing was carried out to separate the mycelium in order to get a homogenous mixture and the mixture was then covered with cover slips gently and then allowed to stay for some seconds before observing under x40 under the microscope. The microscope examination of actively growing mold was on the basis of structures bearing spores, presence or absence of septate. BIOCHEMICAL TESTS Catalase Test Catalase test demonstrates the presence of catalase enzyme by aerobic microorganisms. Catalase is an enzyme that catalysis the release of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). To test for catalase, a drop of 3% hydrogen peroxide solution was added to a slide and the organism to be tested for catalase production is brought in contact with the hydrogen peroxide. The production of gas bubbles however indicates a positive reaction and this shows that catalase enzyme is produced.(FawoleOso, 2001) Oxidase test This was carried out by placing a clean filter paper on the working bench or petri dishes and 2-3 drops of freshly prepared oxidase reagent was added to the isolate using a sterile inoculating wire loop. After this, a few quantity of oxidase reagent was added and a purple coloration was observed within 10-15minutes which indicated that the organisms is oxidase positive and according to Olutiola et al, 1991, a positive reaction is dependent on the presence of cytochrome. This test is also useful for the separation of Neisseria in mixed culture and in differentiating Pseudomonas from enteric bacteria. Indole test Olutiola et al, 1991, describes the test as one which is important in the differentiation of colonies and it depends on the production of indole from tryptophan by the organism. An inoculating loop was used to inoculate the organism into a test tube containing decarboxylase medium becomes violet. An uninoculated test tube serves as a control (i.e. remained yellow) Sugar fermentation test The ability of the isolates to utilize certain sugar as energy source was tested. If the organism does ferment a particular sugar, acid will be produced and gas may be produced or not. Acid production is indicated by color change of the medium from red to yellow and acid presence could also be detectable with a ph. indicator in the medium while the production of gas is indicated by a void produced in a Durham tube. The fermentation medium was prepared by 0.1g of sodium chloride and 0.1g of fermentable sugar (glucose) in 10ml of distilled water. An amount of 9ml of the medium was pipette into a test tube containing Durham’s tubes in replicates. 5ml of phenol red indicator was immediately discharged into the test tubes. The test tubes containing medium were sterilized in an autoclave at 121 o for 15minutes.After sterilization, each isolate were incubated in glucose Medium. An uninoculated test tube was also incubated for glucose to serve as a control. The test was also carried out using maltose, lactose, galactose, manitol, sucrose, fructose and mannose.(Olutiolaet al., 1991) Discussion: The abundance of bacteria and fungi in this study were typical of environment with high species richness and functional diversity. Despite the fact that it is possible that a number of bacteria and fungi may be missed in this study, the isolates could be readily assigned dominant (e.g. Bacillus sp, Aspergillus sp) or transient/succession roles in the isolation of organisms form different seasons, which form the basis of this study. In additions to the implications of the determination of the number of microorganisms during soil sampling, one should consider the qualitative aspect of the preservation of important species and groups of microorganisms and of the changes in these biochemical characteristics resulting from the variations in these counts. Although the results of this study would not be considered to be exhaustive, as it was done within the limits of facilities available in the laboratory, an insight into the population dynamics and distribution of culturable aerobic bacteria and fungi diversity has been elucidated. This is without prejudice to the possible influence which a substantial proportion of bacteria and fungi that are not culturable in vitro could have on the overall picture of event. It would require more modern technology (nuclei acid probes) to obtain such detailed overview of microbial diversity. This should be a subject of extension of this investigation in future. Conclusion Through this project, if emphasis is made on public health, the observation and findings show striking predominance of Salmonella typhi. And E.coli. E.coli being an enterobacter cause dysentery and S.typhi poses a great risk of typhoid. Health inspector and municipal authorities should look into this matter for further investigation and if possible improvement Acknowledgement Investigators are grateful to the Principal Management of S.V.K.M’s Mithibai College for constant encouragement support. And head of department of zoology Prof. V.V. Dalvie for providing me opportunities and Prof. Radhika D’souza, under whose guidance the project was successfully completed References 1 .Atals RM, Bartha R (1998). Microbial Ecology: Fundamentals and Applications. 4th Edition. Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company Inc. Addison Wesley Longman Inc. pp. 300 – 350. 2. Miyanoto T, Igaraslic T, Takahashi K (2002). Lignin–degradation ability of litter decomposing basidomycetes from picea forest of Hokkaida Myco.sci. (41): 105 – 110. 3. Domsch KH, Gaws W, Anderson TH (1980). Compendium of soil fungi 4. O’ Donnell AG, Seasman M, Macrae A, Waite I, Davies JT (2001). Plants and Fertilizers as drivers of change in microbial community structure and function in soil. Plant Soil (232): 135 – 145. 5. Pelczar MJ, Chan ECS, krieg NR (1993). Microbiology: Concept and Application International edition McGraw-Hill, USA. Pp 281-324. 6. Wall DH, Virginia RA (1999). Controls on soil biodiversity insights from extreme environments. Appl. Soil Ecol. (13): 137–150. 7. Fawole and Oso, 2001

Essay --

Thus â€Å"in the thinking about post-conflict reconstruction it is that policy oriented work, which primarily reflects an institutional capacity approach to state development†¦this state will have a monopoly over the legitimate use of violence, maintain public order, generate employment, stabilize the economy, and provide essential services†( Krasner 2010:6). This gives insight that institutions in their premises posses legitimate and authoritative power to govern. Imposed in proper way, trained and informed, this state settlement is licensed to implement new political agenda. Solely they consist tools and methods to implemented new codes of conduct and make civil society more effective. Economic growth mainly depends on their accuracy and effectiveness. Recapitulate, indeed institutions should be taken as primary concern in state building process before any upcoming change. Arguing about democracy, it is seen as exogenous phenomena which certainly deems most appropriate political settlement for the country but according to above mentioned, it cannot operate without beforehand installation of good endogenous components-institutions. Recommendation that strikes from above mentioned is that at most basic level democracies and capitalism presuppose a functioning of state apparatus but in state building agenda which is oriented solely toward promotion of democratization and marketization in intuitionally weak post-conflict environments is counterproductive.(Paris 2004:205). Paris in this regard proposes strategy IBL that addresses to phenomenon of institutionalization, hence advantages of installing proper institutions before liberalizing the field. The dilemma of IBL (Institutionalization before Liberalization) IBL solution and its p... ...nce, on one side the actions taken by UN peace mission come up to $19.9 billion and on the other side during same period costs up to $6.9 trillion were used for military enforcement in different parts of the world, which when it comes to costs and values of human lives neglects the fact of lavish international assistance in terms of state building process.(Paris 2004: 211). From this derives that all this dangers could be easily maneuvered with patient and prioritized actions. Ultimately by promoting† gradual controlled liberalization combined with the immediate construction of domestic institutions that are capable of managing destabilizing effects of democratization and marketization†, IBL strategy seems more compatible and harmless for state building process.(Paris 2004:211). As such prioritization of actions encountered under its umbrella should be considered.

Juveniles Tried as Adults Essay

In the United States, anyone who is charged for committing a crime before the day of their 18th birthday is considered a juvenile and depending on the severity of the case shall be tried as a juvenile. There are some cases; however, where the juvenile justice system should be harder on the juvenile, but in most cases they should not go to an adult prison. There are most certainly some cases in which the juvenile should face the adult justice system, but for petty instances, a juvenile court will suffice. I find it hard to agree that a juvenile convicted for crimes dealing with drugs, alcohol, traffic violations, etc. should be tried in an adult court to receive punishment; however, I do believe that someone who commits rape, murder, kidnapping, or any other major crimes of the sort should be taken to an adult court. â€Å"Old enough to do the crime, old enough to do the time,† is a quote I remember hearing as I was growing up, but I was not taught that it applied to small or m inor crimes, but often serious ones involving the harming of another individual. Placing juveniles in adult prisons can cause them to be put in danger, when in reality many of them can be â€Å"fixed† through the juvenile justice system. Juvenile offenders sometimes commit crimes that are equal to or of higher quality than those of adults; however, punishing them as adults in adult prisons will do no justice; they are less competent to stand trial, adult prisons can harm them mentally, physically, and emotionally, and they more often than not choose the actions they do because of someone who is of influence to them. Juvenile offenders are often less competent than adults to stand trial making it ineffective to sentence them as if they were adults. Juvenile offenders are classified as â€Å"childish, infantile, and young,† according to dictionary.com. â€Å"Some studies have examined the understanding that youths’ have on trial procedures and the overall basic knowledge of trials† (Grisso et al). During these studies they found that there was no compassion to the basic knowledge of trials and trial procedures to that of adults. One study conducted showed that 55% of the juveniles they interviewed could not accurately describe what the Miranda laws meant when read to them except the section that says, â€Å"you have the right to remain silent,† according to the National Center of Juvenile Justice. The National Center of Juvenile Justice also stated that, â€Å"juveniles from the ages of 11-15 are very incompetent and that 16-24 year  olds have similar levels of competence.† The juveniles who are younger, or in the 11-15 range, are less likely to understand the risks and consequences of the adult justice system, and therefore may not benefit from it. They also possess weaker decision-making skills. Since they lack decision-making skills, they are more likely to make poor decisions when committing crimes, but also when agreeing to sentencing or plea agreements, leading them to an unfair trial because of the unfair advantages that justice system would have over them. Adult prisons are very harmful to one’s mental, physical, and emotional capabilities especially when they are juvenile. Being placed in an adult prison can make them susceptible to sexual harassment, physical harassment, and psychological harassment from other inmates. They could also face longer, rou gher sentences than they would have if they would have stayed in the juvenile system. A study that was done on 946 juveniles found that 87% of them faced longer sentences than they would have if they had stayed in a juvenile justice system, according to Mulvey and Schubert. In 2005, 21% of all inmates that were sexually victimized by another inmate were under the age of 18, states Mulvey and Schubert. The risk of a juvenile being physically abused in an adult prison is much higher than that of an adult in the same system because juveniles are â€Å"easier† targets and less likely to create a struggle. â€Å"Doing the time for doing the crime might be seen as fair, but doing much worse time because the crime was done while an adoles ­cent seems to tip the balance beyond even-handed justice† (Mulvey et al 846). Adult prisons also have a different effect on juveniles than they do on adults when it comes to their development; since juveniles are receiving the punishment they are at a younger age it can cause problems for them in the future. According to Mulvey and Schubert, â€Å"Adolescents in the adult system may be at risk for disruptions in their personal development, identity formation, relationships, learning, growth in skills and competencies, and positive movement into adult status.† Identity formation is just one of the aspects in which their developmen t can be affected. Identity formation is when you find out who you are as a person, this is often discovered through learning from your parents, friends, peers, etc., but when you are placed in a facility like an adult prison you are surrounded by people who have all committed a crime and are bad influences to you and cause you to create your true self around that type of behavior. Juveniles in the adult systems also lose great opportunities such as their ability to learn about all aspects of life and the responsibilities and goals they should have. They are instead learning about the inside of a prison, jail, etc. Being in these facilities causes juveniles to miss out on learning the responsibility of a job, school, family, values, goals, finding qualities in someone that could be a potential spouse, making new friends who could be positive influences, and a. All of these statistics prove that adult prisons are very harmful to juveniles, especially mentally, physically, and emotionally. It is also often found that juveniles will make the choices they do based upon the choices they watched their close peers make or just the types of people they are surrounded by in general which shows that they are immature and very easily influenced. It is hard to prove that most, or all, of juveniles have a full understanding of the justice system and the courts, making it di fficult to believe that they should be tried as adults in this system. Many juveniles have the ability to change their behavior through the programs that we have specifically for them not through adult prisons. A child who comes from a broken home, or a home without both parents, a family that is part of the lower class, or from a family that is rather large in size have been found to be the majority of juveniles facing time in juvenile or adult systems. Families who are large in size and of a lower class often find that the children are more likely to grow up without any values or goals because they are often left home alone or there is at least less supervision over each individual child, therefore causing them to be hurt and sometimes wanting to inflict pain upon someone or something in hopes to make themselves feel better. â€Å"Family relationships, duties, responsibilities and privileges, and the amount of control exercised over children all play roles in forming character and influencing behavior. The attitudes and actions of parents can create an important influence in the lives of children. Families in crisis will most likely affect the behavior of juveniles. If one member of a family becomes sick, schizophrenic, or alcoholic, a child may react based on the family’s structural problems,† according to Joseph Wickliffe. Families who contain an unstable parent(s) can create a child that is more likely to be disobe dient, especially if the way the rules are portrayed is too aggressive, too passive, or just unclear. According to a study that Joseph Wickliffe talks  about, â€Å"It was discovered that 4.1 percent of fathers were found to use sound discipline practices; 26.7 percent, fair; and 69.3 percent, unsound. Sound – consistent and firm control but not so strict as to arouse fear and antagonism, fair – control which is indefinite: sometimes strict, sometimes lax, and unsound – extremely lax or extremely rigid control by the parents, which, on the one hand, gives unrestrained freedom of action and, on the other hand, restricts to the point of rebellion.† Juveniles are also prone to make decisions based off of what the people with authority want, for instance, they are more likely to confess or accept a plea agreement if their lawyer is telling them that they should do so. After learning of all of the negative consequences that come with placing a juvenile in th e adult courts and/or prisons, I have concluded that for most cases a juvenile should be processed through the juvenile system and take the punishment given there.

About Seppuku and Samurai Ritual Suicide

Seppuku, also known less formally as harakiri, is a form of ritual suicide that was practiced by the samurai and daimyo of Japan.  It usually involved cutting the abdomen open with a short sword, which was believed to immediately  release the samurais spirit to the afterlife. In many cases, a friend or servant would serve as a second, and would ritually decapitate the samurai to provide release from the terrible pain of the abdominal cuts. The second needed to be very skillful with his sword to achieve the perfect decapitation, known as  kaishaku, or embraced head. The trick was to leave a small flap of skin attached at the front of the neck so that the head would fall forward and look like it was being cradled by the dead samurais arms. Seppukus Purpose Samurai committed seppuku for a number of reasons, in accordance with bushido, the samurai code of conduct. Motivations could include personal shame due to cowardice in battle, shame over a dishonest act, or loss of sponsorship from a daimyo. Often times samurai who were defeated but not killed in battle would be allowed to commit suicide in order to regain their honor. Seppuku was an important act not only for the reputation of the samurai himself but also for his entire familys honor and standing in society. Sometimes, particularly during the Tokugawa shogunate, seppuku was used as a judicial punishment. Daimyo could order their samurai to commit suicide for real or perceived infractions. Likewise, the shogun could demand that a daimyo commits seppuku. It was considered far less shameful to commit seppuku than to be executed, the typical fate of convicts from further down the social hierarchy. The most common form of seppuku was simply a single horizontal cut. Once the cut was made, the second would decapitate the suicide. A more painful version, called  jumonji giri, involved both a horizontal and vertical cut. The performer of jumonji giri then waited stoically to bleed to death, rather than being dispatched by a second. It is one of the most excruciatingly painful ways to die. Location for the Ritual Battlefield seppukus were usually quick affairs; the dishonored or defeated samurai would simply use his short sword or dagger to disembowel himself, and then a second (kaishakunin) would decapitate him. Famous samurai who committed battlefield seppuku included Minamoto no Yoshitsune during the Genpei War  (died 1189); Oda Nobunaga  (1582) at the end of the Sengoku Period; and possibly Saigo Takamori, also known as the Last Samurai  (1877). Planned seppukus, on the other hand, were elaborate rituals. This might be either a judicial punishment or the samurais own choice.  The samurai ate a last meal, bathed, dressed carefully, and seated himself on his death cloth. There, he wrote a death poem. Finally, he would open the top of his kimono, pick up the dagger, and stab himself in the abdomen.  Sometimes, but not always, a second would finish the job with a sword. Interestingly, ritual seppukus were usually performed in front of spectators, who witnessed the samurais last moments. Among the samurai who performed ceremonial seppuku were General Akashi Gidayu during the Sengoku (1582) and forty-six of the 47 Ronin in 1703. A particularly horrifying example from the twentieth century was the suicide of Admiral Takijiro Onishi at the end of World War II. He was the mastermind behind the  kamikaze  attacks on Allied ships. To express his guilt over sending some 4,000 young Japanese men to their deaths, Onishi committed seppuku without a second. It took him more than 15 hours to bleed to death. Not for Men Only Seppuku was by no means a solely male phenomenon. Women of the samurai class often committed seppuku if their husbands died in battle or were forced to kill themselves. They also might kill themselves if their castle was besieged and ready to fall, so as to avoid being raped. To prevent an unseemly posture after death, women would first bind their legs together with a silk cloth. Some cut their abdomens as male samurai did, while others would use a blade to slit the jugular veins in their necks instead. At the end of the Boshin War, the Saigo family alone saw twenty-two women commit seppuku rather than surrendering. The word seppuku comes from the words setsu, meaning to cut, and fuku meaning abdomen.