Tube Feeding Question and Obituary Research Paper

Tube Feeding Question and Obituary - Research Paper Example The research paper "Tube Feeding Question and Obituary" talks about the educated response to the tube-feeding question. The patient’s condition is terminal and she has not shown any sign of relieving symptoms. Even though feeding tube is able to prolong the patient’s life, you should not put the patient on the artificial feeding because of the involved risks of using feeding tube and benefits of allowing the patient to die a natural death. Moral and clinical factors inform this position. Ethically and as the authority over the patient who is already confused and disoriented, you need to minimize pain to the patient, to yourself, and to the children. The death of the patient is evident and the associated pain will be felt, regardless of the time at which the patient dies. Life of the patient should not be the primary factor in the decision. Deciding not to use the feeding tube only amounts to allowing the natural death process and not contributing to the patient’s death. A legal consideration also allows for the withholding of feeding tube and this also justifies the proposed decision. Even though failure to use feeding tube may induce pain to the patient, owing to the fact that she is able to respond to her environment, the level of pain can be managed. Using the tube may prolong the patient’s life but it has many disadvantages, some of which could end the patient’s life and render the tube effort useless. The patient will likely suffer from chest congestion and fluid buildup in her throat.

Economic and Political Issues in Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic and Political Issues in Asia - Essay Example The major differences between these two crisis can be identified as the implications of US financial crisis has global impact while the impact of 1998 Asian financial was particularly limited to South East Asian countries only. On the other hand, poor financial reporting can be attributed as the major cause of both financial crises. Reasons of 2008 US Financial Crisis The collapse of the Lehman Brothers had spread the terror in the global financial markets. The 2008 US financial crisis was one of the largest global economic crises marked in the modern world. The US government regulations started to wear away the lending standards in the middle era of 1990s. During that period Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the government owned enterprises were the owners of the huge share of the American mortgages. However in the year 1995, the US regulation increased the holding of loans in order to lower the borrower’s income. The United States government levied a regulation on Fannie Mae and F reddie Mac to lend loans with either less or no proportion of down payment. This policy of the government resulted on lowering the purchase capacity of the mortgages in order to recover the bad debts (Gwartney, 2009). The Community Reinvestment Act, 1995 regulated by the government also wanted the banks to grant loans in equal proportion to the number of the minority population existing in the financial markets. These objectives were met by the reduction of the conventional lending standards (Gwartney, 2009). There were two major reasons for the financial crisis in the year 2008 namely the increasing prices of the houses and the mortgage market being ineffectively regulated. In the initial stages of 1990, the increasing demand for the houses lowered the mortgage interest rates. Nominal rates are considered as important factor in the mortgage markets as it largely determines the repayment capacity of the borrower. Nevertheless, the financing of mortgages rapidly increased in the US m arket without the consideration of the nominal rates being decreased. This trend of decrease in the mortgage rates moved towards a drastic financial crisis in the US (Baily, Litan & Johnson, 2008). Precisely, the increasing demand for houses leading towards unstable price increase and skewed demand for mortgages by financial institutions were the prime reasons behind the eruption of 2008 US financial crisis. Differences Between 2008 US Financial Crisis and 1998 Asian Financial Crisis The most affected countries in the 1998 Asian financial crisis were Taiwan, China, Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea. The Asian crisis had started with the threat in the currency rates of the South East Asian countries of Malaysia, Singapore and Japan. Later the major causes of the Asian financial crisis accounted to the gradually increasing prices of the assets and the excess value of the real exchange rate. The rapid increase of the short term foreign borrowing was one of the major external causes of the financial crisis in the Asian countries (Institute of Development Studies, 1998). On the other hand the major causes of the US financial crisis were the unorganized mortgage markets due to the increasing demand for houses. The disturbances in the mortgage financing augmented due to the non-adherence of the nominal rates. The differences in both the financial crises lie in

Communication issues Essay Example for Free

Communication issues Essay There are a number of brands that offered good products but they failed miserably because they were not able to sell enough of their products or services. Too often we see that so many promising airlines close because they wer not able to sell enough tickets and control costs and so on. The thing is that marketing and indeed branding is dependent on the way customers perceive a particular product. It is therefore critical for companies to ensure firstly that the right message is sent to the customers and secondly at the end of it all the message does reach without too much noise and disturbances. There are hundreds of thousands of brands that are being advertised on television and print media and therefore it is so important that companies are precise with their message such that the message is across to the customers and they retain it from an option of virtually an infinite list of brands. This is precisely why we have stressed the need to brand products in such a way that only one main distinguishing factor is higlighted in the promotional campaign. This is extremely crucial because it allows customers to easily understand and retain the message of the company’s brand. Another thing that is related to this concept is the use of appropriate media while sending the message to the customers. Certain time slots in the television medium are expensive compared to others because of the viewership and other factors; these are the things that campaign managers must identify and address. Target audience must be the ones who should watch the adverts atleast otherwise the whole cost could go to waste. What we have discussed in the communication issues heading is that firms need to address certain brand specific issues to avoid mal-function of the whole advertising campaign. Without enough ammunition that is directed at the right target market firms will end up with a disadvantaged cost benefit analysis. Advertisement campaigns must fulfill their key goal that is getting the desired message to the right audience group. Conclusion It is of critical importance that the right message is first identified and then send to the customer using which ever media that best suits the audiences. It might sound a difficult task but many small and large companies have been able to establish powerful brand names across the globe. Some of the most important things that we think are crucial to success of a brand campaign include adequate market research; without adequate market research and analysis it is very difficult to know what the customers think and which places do they look at when they want to buy new clothing lines. Another important factor is the way the brand distinguishes itself from other similar brands; this can be done through originality of the thought process and getting the basic original idea of the product to the customers. Secondly the pricing and packaging of the product must be according to the image that has been portrayed through advertisements and other campaigns. There is also a case for companies to target market costumers through placing the product just at the right place. This not only increases credibility but it also strenghtens the market position of the brand and the company. We must also understand that sometimes its important to factor in the initial response of the crowd about the product this attitude of constant improvement can help the company keep its brands healthy and robust. It is of critical importance for firms to avoid disturbances that might impede the message that they want their customers to receive. An important step is to first clean out and simplify the message and secondly look to develop a platform which attracts attention. For instance television adverts of Vodafone are so well choreographed that they attract the customers attention and then they tell the message in stories and other forms. This is a very good strategy to avoid any noise and disturbance from other advertisements that might be playing side by side. The Vodafone television advertisement campaign is a prime example of how firms can make an impression in the minds of the consumer for a long lasting time. Ultimately it’s the costumer base that will determine the result of the branding drive and whether it would be successful or not. The brand must be focused on a particular strength and acceptable demand of the costumers. Bibliography: Bud, Richard, 2003. Interdisciplinary approaches to human communication. Transaction Publishers. OPCUK, n. d. Examples of internal communication approaches, viewed February 6, 2010 http://www. opcuk. com/downloads/examples_of_internal_communication_approaches. pdf Branding Strategy Insider, 2010. Why a Branding Strategy Blog? Viewed February 9, 2010 http://www. brandingstrategyinsider. com/ Brand Identity Guru, n. d. Brand Strategy, viewed February 8, 2010 http://www. brandidentityguru. com/brand_strategy.htm About. com, 2010. Developing Your Brand Strategy, viewed February 8, 2010 http://marketing. about. com/od/brandstrategy/tp/brandstrategydev. htm Gelder, Sicco, 2005. Global Brand Strategy: Unlocking Brand Potential Across Countries, Cultures and Markets. Kogan PageLimited Keller, Lewi, Keller, 2008 Strategic brand management: building, measuring and managing. Mission Statements. com, n. d. Fortune 500, viewed February 7, 2010 http://www. missionstatements. com/fortune_500_mission_statements. html.

Starch Hydrolysis by Amylase | Experiment

Starch Hydrolysis by Amylase | Experiment Polysaccharides are polymers of carbohydrates. They are made up from monosaccharides which are linked together by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides are divided into two main groups: structural polysaccharides and polysaccharides which are used as energy sources. Cellulose and chitin are classified as structural polysaccharides. Cellulose is major component of plant cell walls. It yields glucose when completely hydrolyzed. On the other hand Glycogen and starch are the polysaccharides which used as energy source; glycogen is found in animal cells and starch is found in plant cells. Plants use starch to use it to store glucose units for energy. It consists of two types of molecules: the linear and helical amylose and the branched amylopectin. Starch generally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin. Amylose forms a colloidal dispersion in hot water whereas amylopectin is completely insoluble. 2.2) Hydrolysis of starch/amylase enzyme: Proteins which catalyze the chemical reactions are called enzymes. Biological catalyzes, enzymes, need specific conditions to be active since they are working in the cells. Temperature must be between 37 and 40 and ph must be neutral. An important metabolic enzyme is amylase that its function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of starch into glucose. Alpha-amylases are found in plants and in animals. Human saliva is rich in amylase, and the pancreas also secretes the enzyme. SUBSTRATE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ENZYME  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   PRODUCTS starch  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Amylase   ->  Ã‚   maltose + maltose + maltose starchs presence can be identified by using the iodine test. Starch and iodine gives blu-black color together and that helps to identify the presence of starch or iodine. The iodine molecule slips inside of the amylose coil. Iodine is not very soluble in water so the iodine reagent is made by dissolving iodine in water in the presence of potassium iodide. This makes a linear triiodide ion complex and this linear complex can easily slip into the coil of the starch. This forms the color. [3] starch + I2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   blue-black color 2.3) Spectrophotometry: A spectrophotometer is used to find the amount of radiant energy absorbed or transmitted by molecules in a solution as a function of wavelength. The wavelength which a certain molecule can absorb energy is different and therefore it can be used to determine the concentration of a specific type of solution. By comparing the amount of light that is absorbed by the sample with known concentration a calibration curve can be plotted and by using it concentration of the unknown sample can be determined. [5] 3) EQUIPMENT AND CHEMICALS 3.1) equipments: Beaker Laboratory scale Weighing dish Spatulas Tubes Tube rack Heater Water bath Plastic cuvettes Pipettes Dropper pH meter 3.2) chemicals: Distilled Water HCl NaCl KH2PO4 Na2HPO4 Starch solution Human salivary Iodine reagent 4) PROCEDURE 4.1) preparation of starch solution and enzyme solution: 20 g of potato starch was mixed with approximately 50 ml cold water. This mixture was then added to 900 ml of boiling water. Mixture was mixed well and it was cooled to room temperature and the total volume was raised to 1 ml by adding sufficient amount of water. Presence of the starch in the solution was tested by putting one drop from the mixture to glass plate and adding one drop of iodine reagent to it. Blue color means starch is present. Saliva sample was taken into tube and diluted with 9 ml water then, 60 ml of 0.5% NaCl was added. 4.2) Effect of the pH: 0.1 M KH2PO4 with pH 5, 6, 7 and Na2HPO4 with pH 8, 9 solutions were prepared as buffers, each buffer was prepared 20 ml only the buffer with 7 pH was prepared 100 ml. 5 test tubes were labeled and to each of them 5ml of the starch solution was put and to each test tube solution with different pH was added. 1 ml of the salivary enzyme solution was added to the tubes and it was mixed by shaking. it was waited for 10 minutes so that the hydrolysis reaction can proceed. 5 ml of HCl solution was added to 5 different tubes and from each of the previous tubes with the starch solution 0.5 ml was taken and added to tubes with HCl. 5 tubes were prepared again for 5 ml of iodine solution this time. From the tubes with HCl 0.5 ml was taken and added to the tubes with iodine. Absorbance values were measured by using spectrophotometer. 4.3) Effect of temperature: Water baths with 30  °C, 50  °C, 70  °C and 90  °C were prepared in beakers. Buffer solution with pH 7 was added to 5 tubes and 5 ml of starch solution was added to these tubes. All of these tubes were put in different water bath with different temperatures and they were waited in the bath until the temperatures reached the equilibrium. 1 ml of salivary enzyme was added to each tube. After 10 minutes the steps 4-7 in the effect of pH procedure were repeated. 5) DISCUSSION In this experiment our purpose was to hydrolyze starch with amylase enzyme and observe the effect of pH and temperature on this reaction. Before observing the pH and temperature effect first we prepared the solutions that we were going to use in the experiment. First we prepared the starch solution by mixing it first with cold water and then adding it into boiling water. We aimed to get the starch suspension form immediately and without any lumps by this procedure. In the first part of the experiment we observed the pH effect. To do that first we needed to prepare the buffer solutions with different ph values ranging between 5 and 9. We used two different solutions because of the buffering capacity of these two solutions. We made the arrangement of the pH by using HCl and NaOH. To decrease the pH we added HCl and to increase we added NaOH, we detected the pH by using pH meter. Each buffer with different pH values were mixed with starch solution and then salivary solution was added. W hich is the amylase enzyme and since its from the saliva it hydrolyzes amylose. After waiting for 10 minutes to reaction proceed we needed to stop the reaction, we did it by adding HCl. Then we added iodine solution to detect whether reaction took place or not since if enzyme functions starch in the solution will be hydrolyzed and this will lead to have light color of the solution; absorbance will be low. Since our body is in neutral pH we expect to have light colored solution at pH 7 and dark color at pH 5, 8 and 9. The same logic is valid for the temperature effect. The enzyme wont work in higher temperature values that can denature it like 90, 70 and maybe 50. Proteins absorbance values are expected to increase as the protein denaturizes. This can be explained by the surface of reflection of the light is increased. Denaturized form of protein has higher possibility to be interacted with the light from the spectrophotometer and thus absorbance will increase. Theoretically we would expect to have both absorbance vs. pH and absorbance vs. temperature graphs to have a min. point where we can say that is the point absorbance is in the min. point at that pH or temperature thus enzyme functions best at that point. In our graphs from the experiment we can observe these min values at approximately expected values. When we look at the temperature graph we see that absorbance is min at around 50 C. normally we would expect that proteins denaturize at that temperature, since human body is 37 °C min absorbance at 40 °C would be the correct result. This error might be because of that we didnt measured our test tubes temperatures after we put them in water bath, So maybe what we refer to as 50 °C in the data table is actually less than that value.

Memory (SPEECH OUTLINE) -- essays research papers fc

Memory Specific purpose: to increase my audience's understanding of how memory functions and how it affects them. Central idea: Memory is a process of the brain which is prone to certain failures, although specific steps can be taken to guard against these failures. Introduction I. Memory problems can affect us in many ways. A. Some of you might have had problems finding your keys before you came to class. B. Some of you have certainly suffered from "What's Your Name Again?" syndrome. 1. We can remember attributes of people without being able to recall their names. 2. For instance, you may not know my name but you would be able to recognize me as being in your class. II. I will explain some of the basic ways memory can fail and how to take care of your memory. A. Memory can fail in numerous ways, from the common examples above to more devasting problems, like Alzheimer's disease. B. Fortunately, brain problems like Alzheimer's can be delayed or even prevented. C. In order to understand how human memory fails, we need a basic understanding of how it works. Body I. Memory is a complex process that takes place primarily in the brain. Cite: Cognition Lab @ NASA, website A. Short-term memory is the first memory formed. 1. Short-term memory holds memories that were created recently for a short period of time. a. includes sensory memory b. can turn into long-term memory B. Long-term memory stores memories created throughout our past that we may need at a future time. 1. For long term memory to be formed from short-term memory, three conditions must be met: a. attention b. repetition c. connection 2. There are two basic types of long-term memory: Cite: Dr. Eric Kendel in States of Mind, Columbia professor and director of Columbia's Center for Neurobiology and Behavior a. implicit &nbs... ...p; ii. seems to protect brain's central learning & reasoning regions from shrinkage b. All-around healthy diet is recommended. Conclusion I. Take care of your brain, because your memory is one of your most important assets. II. Keep in mind that your memory is imperfect. A. Memory is generally effective. B. People's memories can make errors such that they believe in a memory that is inaccurate. C. Even your memory can fail, so don't believe everything that you remember. Works Cited Begley, Sharon. "Memory's Mind Games." Newsweek 16 July 2001: 52-54. Conlan, Roberta, ed. States of Mind. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999. Human Memory. 1998. NASA Cognition Lab. <http://eos.arc.nasa.gov/cognition/tutorials/ModelOf/Knowmore1.html>. Lemonick, Michael and Alice Park. "The Nun Study." Time 14 May 2001: 54-65. Loftus, Elizabeth, and Katherine Ketcham. Witness for the Defense: The Accused, the Eyewitness, and the Expert Who Puts Memory on Trial. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.

Religious Symbols in Society: Church vs. State Essay -- Religion

In our daily lives, without even recognizing it, there are religious symbols present all around us. If we are carrying money, â€Å"In God We Trust† is a religious symbol that is present on our currency. If we happen to say the pledge of allegiance we are saying â€Å"one nation under God† which alludes to God and the Catholic religion. Around the holidays, there are Christmas decorations present everywhere, which are religious symbols of the Catholic faith. None of these things seem bad or harmful to anyone in any way. They are not harming anyone. Are they? Well, they are not harming anyone directly, but have impacted people because it is through the presence of these symbols that neglects all other religions and is feeding into the issue of the ongoing church versus state argument for separation. Religious symbols are aspects of all different religions that strengthen faith, promote certain beliefs, and represent the fundamentals of that specific religion. According to Furst’s article on the use of physical religious symbols, â€Å"As beings that are both body and spirit, humans use symbols in order to perceive and to grasp realities that are not empirical. As social beings, humans use symbols to communicate with others,† (p 2). But, there are many issues that arise when these symbols are involved and existing in the media, the state, our government, and the public. Mainly this is because symbols are truly powerful and represent controversies that come along with different religions. Furst also states that, â€Å"symbols play a powerful role in the transmission of the culture of human society,† (p 2). If religious symbols transmit culture into society, then people in our society are going to pay very close attention to what symbols are present... ... Case may Determine Direction of Church-State Law." Church & State 62.10 (2009): 220-2. Web. Boston, Rob. "Prayers, Preaching & Public Schools: Religious Right Activists use Wide Variety of Tactics to Evangelize in the Classroom." Church & State 62.10 (2009): 223-6. Web. Furst, Lyndon G., and Stephen J. Denig. "The use of Physical Symbols to Transmit Culture in Religious Schools: A Comparison of Adventist and Catholic Schools in America." Journal of Empirical Theology 18.1 (2005): 1-21. Web. Stevenson, Dwight Eshelman. "Religious Symbols and Religious Communication." Lexington Theological Quarterly 1.3 (1966): 69-79. Web. "Wandering in the Desert: Justice Scalia's Dangerous Plan to Secularize the Cross." Church & State 62.10 (2009): 230-318. Web. Zenit. "Christmas Symbols Not Welcome in Many U.S. Classrooms " National Catholic Register 77.51 (2001) Print.

Getting the Most Out of Advertisement and Promotion

1. What is the case study about, and is it a good idea to test market? The case study â€Å"Getting the Most out of Advertising and Promotion†, is about testing the outcome of an advertisement and promotion. Before advertisements and promotions were not something one would be able collect statistics on television promotions or the effect of advertisement, all was only a matter of faith. Marketing departments might have collected voluminous statistics on television show and coupon redemption, and once they collected that information, they measure everything to compare the costs of marketing with total sales.This procedure did not take care of the most important measurement. What a business owner wants to know, what is most important to them is the incremental sales of the product over and above those that would have happened without the advertisement and promotion. This case study is about the new kind of marketing data. It is data correlated information on actual consumer purc hases. This information is, â€Å"available from universal product code scanners used in supermarkets and drugstores†. (Magid, M. Abraham & Leonard M. Lodish , 1990 p. 2) This information is linked to the information on the kind of television advertising those consumers receive or the frequency and type of promotion events they see. With this source of data, managers began to notice the potential it has to create great opportunities for new marketing productivity. In order for the managers to take advantage of this, they needed to develop new strategic marketing plans. Before all of this was available to marketers, there was no true measurement for advertisement and promotion. Without having a true measurement, â€Å"marketing managers had to rely on many false assumptions†. (Magid, M.Abraham & Leonard M. Lodish, 1990 p. 13) they were assumptions that were unexamined, for example, â€Å"those who believed advertising works also tend to assume that in all cases, more o f it is better than less. † (p. 13) Another assumption was that advertising takes a long time, many months or, sometimes, even years to increase sales. â€Å"A popular rule of thumb is that if increased advertising spending does not generate enough sales to pay for the incremental expense within a year, then a company shouldn’t implement the advertisement†. (p. 13) Advertising is not about just boosting sales, but it serves an important function. . If I were to construct a test market today, how would I go about doing so? Test market is not only a tool to measure the effectiveness in advertisement and promotions but it can also avoid costly mistakes to a marketing manager. Companies are spending thousands if not millions of dollars each year to advertise online, but that is not to say that it is being spent wisely ensure that this money is not being wasted on ineffective advertising programs is to continuously evaluate the effectiveness of the chosen programs and to ensure that these programs are achieving their intended purpose.Evaluating the effectiveness of the chosen programs is not all about money; it also gives market managers the opportunity to analyze the non-tangible effects of the chosen program. For example, if a company chooses to go with a pop-up advertising program, they can evaluate its return on investment by comparing its click-through to the amount of money invested in building it. Related article: Advertisement on Promoting Tourism in IndiaHowever that is not the extend of it; a good evaluation program will be able to analyze the consumer’s reaction to that program, its effects on the company’s image or its effectiveness in comparison to a banner ad program. On a Pamorama online article, it is stated that Facebook, Twitter, YouTube are the best strategic marketing practices. It is said that they are the Big 3 of social media and they are important avenues for building brand engagement and influence. They grow brand awareness, foster brand advocacy, and generate leads and sales.This is also another way to measure effectiveness References Dyer, Pam. (2012, August 5). Facebook, Twitter, YouTube: Strategic Marketing Best Practices. Retrieved October 23, 2012 from, http://bx. businessweek. com/measuring-advertising-effectiveness/view? url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. pamorama. net%2F2012%2F08%2F05%2Ffacebook-twitter-youtube-strategic-marketing-best-practices%2F Magid, M. Abraham & Leonard M. Lodish. (1990 May-June). Getting the Most Out of Advertising and Promotion. Harvad College, p. 12-18.